As a general tobacco can cause bad effect to out body, people just said about bad effect of this material. Scientist have found different about this material, because tobacco is a natural plant that available for use by human being, but not just for be sucked. The tobacco virus can be a medicine.
This knowledge is involving a molecular grade technology, on tobacco sometime live a virus that can broken their growth. Scientists are using a modified tobacco virus to deliver delicate gene therapies into the heart of diseased cells, with the potential to treat most cancers, viruses and genetic disorders.
The tobacco mosaic virus, which plagues the plant but is harmless to humans, is hollowed out and filled with "small interfering RNA" molecules, or siRNA, which some scientists consider to be the most significant development in medicine since the discovery of vaccines.
Bentley's team has successfully hollowed out the virus and filled it with siRNA, and then used it to slip the frail substance into all sorts of cells, from kidney tissue to cancer. The researchers have proven that the tiny capsules provide adequate protection, and that they release their payloads once inside -- hitting their target genes right on the mark.
The short, double-stranded RNA molecules known as siRNA can program cells to destroy disease-causing proteins. Their molecules turn on a cell's own built-in disease-fighting mechanisms. They can be programmed for a wide range of ailments -- from cancers to viruses -- and because they use the cell's own defense mechanisms, they produce minimal side effects.
In addition to treating cancers and genetic disorders, siRNA could prove useful against a variety of rare diseases that have, and always will be, overlooked by big pharmaceutical companies -- the long tail of disease.
Is those experiment going smoothly? No the problem is not easy to overcome, problem is in the delivery: siRNA molecules are very fragile, and can’t get where they need to go without some assistance. So this technology still need more long time in order able applied as medicine for rare diseases like cancer, virus infection diseases and others.
There is many kind of music in the world, film without music will be bored to see, science and technology will support the development of music and film technology.
Showing posts with label science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label science. Show all posts
Sunday, September 10, 2017
Friday, May 8, 2009
Human Cloning
Secretly, a United States origin scientist, dr Panayiotis Zavos, Clone a human. To the UK newspaper, the Independent, Zavos claim successfully an embryo of 14 men, 11 of which have been planted in the womb, four women.
Monday, April 6, 2009
Electron Microscope
The electron microscope is an instrument that exploits the extremely short effective wavelengths of accelerated electron beams to form images in which fine detail is resolved. Optimal separations as small as 0.1 nanometers (10-10 m) can be observed; resolutions of 2 nm (2 x 10-9 m) are common. The electron microscope supplements the standard light microscope, the useful magnification of which is limited by the wavelength of visible radiation.
Sunday, November 30, 2008
The Galaxy
The galaxy in which we live, usually referred to simply as the Galaxy, or the Milky Way, which is actually only the portion visible to the naked eye, is a giant spiral assemblage of several billion stars; including our Sun. its true shape, size, and nature were not discovered by astronomers until the 20th century. It is now known to be an immense disk shaped object, far larger than most of the galaxies is its immediate neighborhood. Its visible disk has a diameter of approximately 100,000 light years and a height above its principle plane of about 1,000 light years, although some kinds of objects, such as globular Cluster, extend much farther above the galaxies plane.
The total mass of the galaxies can be measured by studying the motions of individual stars and clouds of hydrogen gas in deferent parts of the galaxies and by applying Celestial Mechanics to calculate a total mass that will account for the observed motions. The mass can be determined from the motions of the Galaxy’s small satellite galaxies, especially the nearby dwarf elliptical galaxies and globular cluster. Computational by both methods agree that the Galaxy’s mass is possibly 1,000 to 2,000 billion times the mass of the Sun. As the Sun’s mass is about average for a star in the galaxy, the total number of stars must also be of this order. Most of these stars are invisible from the Earth, however, because of the solar system lies in the dense of the Galaxy, where interstellar dust obscured all but its nearer parts.
After human have improve their space technology to see the amazing of this galaxy, we still can't have an exact explanation about the real condition about our space.
The total mass of the galaxies can be measured by studying the motions of individual stars and clouds of hydrogen gas in deferent parts of the galaxies and by applying Celestial Mechanics to calculate a total mass that will account for the observed motions. The mass can be determined from the motions of the Galaxy’s small satellite galaxies, especially the nearby dwarf elliptical galaxies and globular cluster. Computational by both methods agree that the Galaxy’s mass is possibly 1,000 to 2,000 billion times the mass of the Sun. As the Sun’s mass is about average for a star in the galaxy, the total number of stars must also be of this order. Most of these stars are invisible from the Earth, however, because of the solar system lies in the dense of the Galaxy, where interstellar dust obscured all but its nearer parts.
After human have improve their space technology to see the amazing of this galaxy, we still can't have an exact explanation about the real condition about our space.
Sunday, November 16, 2008
Geiger Muller Counter
Geiger counters are used to detect radiation usually gamma and beta radiation, but certain models can also detect alpha radiation. The sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube, an inert gas-filled tube (usually helium, neon or argon with halogens added) that briefly conducts electricity when a particle or photon of radiation temporarily makes the gas conductive.
The Geiger counter, also known as the Geiger Muller Counter, is an instrument used to detect and measure the intensity of radiation, such as beta particles and cosmic rays. The device, which takes its name from the German physicists Hans Geiger and Wilhelm Muller, may be used as a laboratory instrument, in mineral exploration, as a thickness gauge for continuous sheet materials, and as a stock level gauge in blast furnaces. It is also employed in diagnostic medical work.
The heart of the Geiger counter is the ionization tube which may be metal, or glass with a metalized interior, and a central conductor maintained at a high positive potential with respect to the outer onclosure. The tube may contain air, argon, or other gas at or below atmospheric pressure. When the tube is exposed to nuclear radiation the gas is ionized. Negative ions or electrons are attracted to the center conductor, and positive ions are attracted to the negative enclosure. If the voltage on the tube is in the Geiger range (800-1,500 volt), each ionizing event will cause an electron avalanche (gas amplification) and will result in a large output pulse. This pulse may be received audibly in headphones or recorded electronically through counting devices.
The Geiger counter, also known as the Geiger Muller Counter, is an instrument used to detect and measure the intensity of radiation, such as beta particles and cosmic rays. The device, which takes its name from the German physicists Hans Geiger and Wilhelm Muller, may be used as a laboratory instrument, in mineral exploration, as a thickness gauge for continuous sheet materials, and as a stock level gauge in blast furnaces. It is also employed in diagnostic medical work.
The heart of the Geiger counter is the ionization tube which may be metal, or glass with a metalized interior, and a central conductor maintained at a high positive potential with respect to the outer onclosure. The tube may contain air, argon, or other gas at or below atmospheric pressure. When the tube is exposed to nuclear radiation the gas is ionized. Negative ions or electrons are attracted to the center conductor, and positive ions are attracted to the negative enclosure. If the voltage on the tube is in the Geiger range (800-1,500 volt), each ionizing event will cause an electron avalanche (gas amplification) and will result in a large output pulse. This pulse may be received audibly in headphones or recorded electronically through counting devices.
Saturday, August 30, 2008
Carbon
The chemical element carbon is a non metal. This atom have a special characteristic and a lot use of this mineral in many application. Different with other non metal characteristic this substance can transfer of electric current. In the normal condition this substance is in solid phase, but after react with other substance become a gas phase or liquid phase such as CO and CO2 for gas state and CS2 in liquid state when the temperature is below 30oC and change to gas when temperature above 30oC.
Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, carbon plays an essential role in the thermonuclear burning of hydrogen in the hotter stars. On earth, carbon is found both in native form and in compounds with other elements, making up about 0.2% by weight of the Earth's crust. The elements is found in its purest form as diamond and graphite and in less pure form as a constituent of natural coal, coke, and charcoal. Its most abundant compounds are carbon dioxide, with constitutes about 0.05% of the atmosphere and is found dissolved in all natural waters; the carbonat minerals, such as limestone and marble; and the hydrocarbons, which are principle constituents of coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Carbon is the most versatile element known. Only carbon is capable of combining with other elements in arrangements of sufficient variety and complexity to fulfill the essential functions on which life depends. Carbon compounds are continually replenished by photosynthesis in green plants. The exchanged of carbon with the environment ceases when an organism dies, and the amount of the radioactive isotope carbon-1,4 remaining can be used to determine the age of materials of biological origin.
Carbon and its compounds have assumed a position of major influence on the economy, especially in the more industrialized nations. Synthetic fibers and plastics, which are ultimately derived from petroleum based chemicals (petrochemicals), have largely supplanted natural substances. These materials serve as the basis for numerous technological advances, including those in such field as electronics and transportation industries. The development of synthetics drugs has radically affected the practice of medicine. Carbon-based fuels have provided most of the world's energy needs since 1900.
Carbon is the sixth most abundant element in the universe, carbon plays an essential role in the thermonuclear burning of hydrogen in the hotter stars. On earth, carbon is found both in native form and in compounds with other elements, making up about 0.2% by weight of the Earth's crust. The elements is found in its purest form as diamond and graphite and in less pure form as a constituent of natural coal, coke, and charcoal. Its most abundant compounds are carbon dioxide, with constitutes about 0.05% of the atmosphere and is found dissolved in all natural waters; the carbonat minerals, such as limestone and marble; and the hydrocarbons, which are principle constituents of coal, petroleum and natural gas.
Carbon is the most versatile element known. Only carbon is capable of combining with other elements in arrangements of sufficient variety and complexity to fulfill the essential functions on which life depends. Carbon compounds are continually replenished by photosynthesis in green plants. The exchanged of carbon with the environment ceases when an organism dies, and the amount of the radioactive isotope carbon-1,4 remaining can be used to determine the age of materials of biological origin.
Carbon and its compounds have assumed a position of major influence on the economy, especially in the more industrialized nations. Synthetic fibers and plastics, which are ultimately derived from petroleum based chemicals (petrochemicals), have largely supplanted natural substances. These materials serve as the basis for numerous technological advances, including those in such field as electronics and transportation industries. The development of synthetics drugs has radically affected the practice of medicine. Carbon-based fuels have provided most of the world's energy needs since 1900.
Saturday, August 16, 2008
Bionic Eye for Blinded People
For many years many scientist try to create bionic eye transplantation that will help for a blind people. American scientist has predicted can step to that revolutionary technology using digital video and photography, sometime this technology can use by a blind people.
Like on the film of science and fiction technology as use on Terminator which is played by Arnold Schwarzenegger on the year of 1984. On that film Arnold use bionic eyes which can change the sight seeing into digital information.
On the newest technology development, scientist has created a camera using a convex lens. The researcher said this development as big improvement on the available digital censor lately. As does with the function of retina in human being, this bionic eye camera enable bounce the light from object into a picture and sending the message pass through optic nerve into the brain.
Those censor is possible to catch object to see more clearly without distortion in better view area such as human. But scientist still can't install this convex lens into bionic eyes because this censor is formed by silicon that is very brittle and broken easily.
Research team from Northwestern University, Illinois, ACE, solving those problem by creating elastic membrane half symmetric. The membrane can be shrunk so that enable to be attached into bionic eye before that membrane return to origin form.
Like on the film of science and fiction technology as use on Terminator which is played by Arnold Schwarzenegger on the year of 1984. On that film Arnold use bionic eyes which can change the sight seeing into digital information.
On the newest technology development, scientist has created a camera using a convex lens. The researcher said this development as big improvement on the available digital censor lately. As does with the function of retina in human being, this bionic eye camera enable bounce the light from object into a picture and sending the message pass through optic nerve into the brain.
Those censor is possible to catch object to see more clearly without distortion in better view area such as human. But scientist still can't install this convex lens into bionic eyes because this censor is formed by silicon that is very brittle and broken easily.
Research team from Northwestern University, Illinois, ACE, solving those problem by creating elastic membrane half symmetric. The membrane can be shrunk so that enable to be attached into bionic eye before that membrane return to origin form.
Thursday, July 31, 2008
Total Eclipsed
Total eclipsed will happen this evening Friday, August 01, 2008. This phenomenon will be the first total eclipsed for the last of two and a half year. This total eclipsed only will be able to see in the North area of Earth such as Canada to Greenland, Arctic, middle Russia and Mongolia until China. Those country civilized can directly witnessing this phenomena.
Total Eclipsed are happened when the moon position in between Earth and Sun, so sun light will closed partly by the Month. Even though the Moon diameter is smaller than Sun diameter, but the distance to earth is closer. Distance from Earth to the Sun about 149,680,000 km and from Earth to the Moon just 384,400 km.
On the total eclipsed, the Sun disc will totally closed by the Moon disc, at those time the disc form of Moon will same as or bigger than the Sun disc form. The Moon Disc or Sun Disc form diameter itself will change every time depend on the distance position to the Earth. This happen because the Sun position is shift from North to South and conversely from South to North. This disc form diameter also change when upset or rise up are bigger compare when the position is right up to our head.
Total Eclipsed are happened when the moon position in between Earth and Sun, so sun light will closed partly by the Month. Even though the Moon diameter is smaller than Sun diameter, but the distance to earth is closer. Distance from Earth to the Sun about 149,680,000 km and from Earth to the Moon just 384,400 km.
On the total eclipsed, the Sun disc will totally closed by the Moon disc, at those time the disc form of Moon will same as or bigger than the Sun disc form. The Moon Disc or Sun Disc form diameter itself will change every time depend on the distance position to the Earth. This happen because the Sun position is shift from North to South and conversely from South to North. This disc form diameter also change when upset or rise up are bigger compare when the position is right up to our head.
Tuesday, July 22, 2008
North Pole without Ice
The increasing temperature in Arctic area, North Pole, causing ice melting progressively extended. For the first time in the history, the North pole will no ice in hot season this year.
This condition is predicted happen in North Pole because the melting area have extended too wide. David Barber, the researcher from Manitoba University just conducts an expedition in Canadian ice breaking ship, CCGS Amundsen.
Barber opinion supported by a direct perception and satellite image. Data show, most ice over there represent the young layer which have age less than one year. The layer formed as long as winter.
Young ice very brittle and have risk of melting on higher summer from endless ice formed since through years. Temperature increase also risk liquefy the thicker ice layer though there opportunity defense on summer this year.
This prediction is faster than the prediction last time, in the advertising model last time the Arctic ice predict just free from ice for the first time in the year of 2013 –- 2030. This means that the global warming affect come faster than the prediction. Ice melting is caused by combination of warm wave, dry wind and cosmic ray of sun. This destroy combination are not exactly come this year, but the effect already seen.
liquid area in fact immediately re-closed by ices layer because winter also come extrim. But, ice layer formed too flimsy so that risk break and melt.
This condition is predicted happen in North Pole because the melting area have extended too wide. David Barber, the researcher from Manitoba University just conducts an expedition in Canadian ice breaking ship, CCGS Amundsen.
Barber opinion supported by a direct perception and satellite image. Data show, most ice over there represent the young layer which have age less than one year. The layer formed as long as winter.
Young ice very brittle and have risk of melting on higher summer from endless ice formed since through years. Temperature increase also risk liquefy the thicker ice layer though there opportunity defense on summer this year.
This prediction is faster than the prediction last time, in the advertising model last time the Arctic ice predict just free from ice for the first time in the year of 2013 –- 2030. This means that the global warming affect come faster than the prediction. Ice melting is caused by combination of warm wave, dry wind and cosmic ray of sun. This destroy combination are not exactly come this year, but the effect already seen.
liquid area in fact immediately re-closed by ices layer because winter also come extrim. But, ice layer formed too flimsy so that risk break and melt.
Saturday, June 7, 2008
Light Production
Light like any other electromagnetic radiation, results from either an accelerating electric charge or a nuclear fusion or fission reaction. In nuclear reactions, a photon is created in the same manner as other exception of sunlight products of the reaction. With the exception of sunlight and starlight, however, light usually is the result of changes in the electronic structure of atoms and molecule as they absorb and readmit energy.
The incandescent electric light has as its light source the heat that result from the ohmic resistance of the filament to the electric current. A red-hot poker absorbs heat directly from the fire resulting from liberation of chemical energy. As the material in the filament of poker heats up, the atoms and molecules gain kinetic energy, which is realize by an increase in the number of collision among the particles. The boiling off of some of the material is one mechanism that can be used to maintain an equilibrium temperature. Another mechanism is for the electrons associated with the various atoms in the metal to move to higher energy levels they emit a photon, keeping the temperature of the material more or less constant despite the fact that energy is continually supplied. The excess energy is emitted as light.
Another type of source in energized plasma such as a flame or the gas in a discharge tube such as a neon bulb. Although light is produced by a mechanism similar to thermal emission, the atom is in gases phase and less random. The energy levels reached by the electron depend more on the electronic structure of the atoms themselves and therefore the photons emitted tend to be clustered around specific wavelengths. The spectrum produce by such a source is not at all continuous but consist of lines or bands that are characteristic of the atoms or molecules in the gas. Highly monochromatic light can be obtained from this type of source, particularly if the light is filtered. The light has a much longer coherence length but is generally unpolarized.
A third type of source is the Laser. Two principle are involve in laser operation. First, the lasing material is composed of atoms, or mixtures of atoms, that have a peculiar energy level structure. As they absorb energy, their electrons move up to higher energy levels, tending to accumulate at certain metastable levels. This is called population inversion.
The incandescent electric light has as its light source the heat that result from the ohmic resistance of the filament to the electric current. A red-hot poker absorbs heat directly from the fire resulting from liberation of chemical energy. As the material in the filament of poker heats up, the atoms and molecules gain kinetic energy, which is realize by an increase in the number of collision among the particles. The boiling off of some of the material is one mechanism that can be used to maintain an equilibrium temperature. Another mechanism is for the electrons associated with the various atoms in the metal to move to higher energy levels they emit a photon, keeping the temperature of the material more or less constant despite the fact that energy is continually supplied. The excess energy is emitted as light.
Another type of source in energized plasma such as a flame or the gas in a discharge tube such as a neon bulb. Although light is produced by a mechanism similar to thermal emission, the atom is in gases phase and less random. The energy levels reached by the electron depend more on the electronic structure of the atoms themselves and therefore the photons emitted tend to be clustered around specific wavelengths. The spectrum produce by such a source is not at all continuous but consist of lines or bands that are characteristic of the atoms or molecules in the gas. Highly monochromatic light can be obtained from this type of source, particularly if the light is filtered. The light has a much longer coherence length but is generally unpolarized.
A third type of source is the Laser. Two principle are involve in laser operation. First, the lasing material is composed of atoms, or mixtures of atoms, that have a peculiar energy level structure. As they absorb energy, their electrons move up to higher energy levels, tending to accumulate at certain metastable levels. This is called population inversion.
Monday, June 2, 2008
Light as Electromagnetic Radiation
Light is electromagnetic radiation in the wave length range extending from about 0.4 µ to about 0.7 µ; or perhaps more properly, the visual response to electromagnetic radiation in this range. By extension, the term is frequently applied to adjacent wavelength ranges that the eye cannot detect; Ultraviolet light, infrared light, and black light. In addition to wave length, frequency in hertz, and wave number, in inverse units of length, are also used to specify and designate the character and quality of the radiation. Associated with wavelength or frequency is the visual response of color. The term monochromatic is applied to the idealized situations in which the light in a beam is all of one wave length.
Characteristic of Light
Light is characteristic not only by wave-length, essentially a temporal quality, but also by state and degree of polarization, a geometric or directional quality, and by intensity essentially a physical quality. The visual response to intensity is brightness, in the human visual system, at least, there is no counterpart response to the state and degree of polarization, but ample evident exists that certain arthropods-bees in particular-are sensitive to the state of polarization of sky light. There is some speculation that certain migrating birds may also response to this quality of light.
Light is further characterized by its degree of coherence. Coherence, closely related to the degree of polarization and to the degree of monochromaticity, refers to the ability of beam of light to interfere with itself. Coherence therefore an interferometric property of light. By the use of a Michelson Interferometer, most light source can be made to produce interference fringes. These are clearest when the length of the two arms of the interferometer are equal. As one arm is lengthened, however, the contrast of the fringes is seen to decrease until they are no longer visible. Unfiltered light from an incandescent source will barely produce fringes under any circumstances. Light from a mercury arc lamp will produce fringes over a range of one or two centimeter. On the other hand, light from continuous wave gas laser produced fringes at a distance of more than 100 meters.
Light is moving energy that travels at a speed of 300,000 km/sec (186,000 m/sec). It can be regarded both as a particulate flow and as a wave phenomenon.
Characteristic of Light
Light is characteristic not only by wave-length, essentially a temporal quality, but also by state and degree of polarization, a geometric or directional quality, and by intensity essentially a physical quality. The visual response to intensity is brightness, in the human visual system, at least, there is no counterpart response to the state and degree of polarization, but ample evident exists that certain arthropods-bees in particular-are sensitive to the state of polarization of sky light. There is some speculation that certain migrating birds may also response to this quality of light.
Light is further characterized by its degree of coherence. Coherence, closely related to the degree of polarization and to the degree of monochromaticity, refers to the ability of beam of light to interfere with itself. Coherence therefore an interferometric property of light. By the use of a Michelson Interferometer, most light source can be made to produce interference fringes. These are clearest when the length of the two arms of the interferometer are equal. As one arm is lengthened, however, the contrast of the fringes is seen to decrease until they are no longer visible. Unfiltered light from an incandescent source will barely produce fringes under any circumstances. Light from a mercury arc lamp will produce fringes over a range of one or two centimeter. On the other hand, light from continuous wave gas laser produced fringes at a distance of more than 100 meters.
Light is moving energy that travels at a speed of 300,000 km/sec (186,000 m/sec). It can be regarded both as a particulate flow and as a wave phenomenon.
Thursday, May 29, 2008
The Beauty of Mathematics
Mathematics is the tools to calculate, manipulate, planning or even predict something. Mathematics has amazing rule and beauty order, look on the below calculations:
1 x 8 + 1 = 9
12 x 8 + 2 = 98
123 x 8 + 3 = 987
1234 x 8 + 4 = 9876
12345 x 8 + 5 = 98765
123456 x 8 + 6 = 987654
1234567 x 8 + 7 = 9876543
12345678 x 8 + 8 = 98765432
123456789 x 8 + 9 = 987654321
0 x 9 + 1 = 1
1 x 9 + 2 = 11
12 x 9 + 3 = 111
123 x 9 + 4 = 1111
1234 x 9 + 5 = 11111
12345 x 9 + 6 = 111111
123456 x 9 + 7 = 1111111
1234567 x 9 + 8 = 11111111
12345678 x 9 + 9 = 111111111
123456789 x 9 +10= 1111111111
9 x 9 + 7 = 88
98 x 9 + 6 = 888
987 x 9 + 5 = 8888
9876 x 9 + 4 = 88888
98765 x 9 + 3 = 888888
987654 x 9 + 2 = 8888888
9876543 x 9 + 1 = 88888888
98765432 x 9 + 0 = 888888888
Brilliant, isn't it?
And look at this symmetry:
1 x 1 = 1
11 x 11 = 121
111 x 111 = 12321
1111 x 1111 = 1234321
11111 x 11111 = 123454321
111111 x 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 x 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 x 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 x 111111111=123456789 87654321
Now take a look for this;
From a strictly mathematical viewpoint:
What Equals 100%?
What does it mean to give MORE than 100%?
Ever wonder about those people who say they are giving more than 100%?
We have all been in situations where someone wants you to
GIVE OVER 100%.
How about ACHIEVING 101%?
What equals 100% in life?
Here's just a little mathematics simulation that might help to answer those questions:
If:
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Is represented as:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26.
If:
H-A-R-D-W-O- R- K
8+1+18+4+23+ 15+18+11 = 98%
And:
K-N-O-W-L-E- D-G-E
11+14+15+23+ 12+5+4+7+ 5 = 96%
But:
A-T-T-I-T-U- D-E
1+20+20+9+20+ 21+4+5 = 100%
THEN, look how far the love of God will take you:
L-O-V-E-O-F- G-O-D
12+15+22+5+15+ 6+7+15+4 = 101%
Therefore, one can conclude with mathematical certainty that:
While Hard Work and Knowledge will get you close, and Attitude will
let you there, It's the Love of God that will put you over the top!
Just Calculation, don’t make you bother..... -:)), want try others like L-O-V-E-O-F-F-G-I-R-L-S will get higher score -:))
Friday, April 25, 2008
Technology and Science
Technology is a major cultural determinant, no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy, religion, social organization, or political systems. In the broadcast sense, these forces are also aspects of technology. The French sociologist Jacques Ellul has defined La technique as the totally of all rational methods in every field of human activity, so that, for example, education, law, sports, propaganda, and the social sciences are scale, common parlance limits the term’s meaning to specific industrial arts.
The terms science and technology are often confounded. The confusion arises because so much of contemporary technology is based on the natural sciences, such disciplines an physics, chemistry, biology and other branches of knowledge that deal with the study, measurement, and understanding of natural phenomena. The achievements of the electronics, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries are based on a huge body of scientific investigation.
In simple terms, the concern of science is “why,” and of technology, “how.” The relationship between the two is actually much more complex, however, and it varies from industry to industry; some technologies are science intensive, whereas the manufacture of such items as cigarettes of furniture depends much less on science. In fact, much of modern technology developed without any scientific input whatever, and there are many examples of entire sciences arising from earlier technologies or developing in an effort to explain findings made by scientifically naive artisans. For instance, gunnery led to ballistics; the steam engine, to thermodynamics; powered flight, to aerodynamics; primitive metalworking, to metallurgy; and communications, to radio astronomy.
The terms science and technology are often confounded. The confusion arises because so much of contemporary technology is based on the natural sciences, such disciplines an physics, chemistry, biology and other branches of knowledge that deal with the study, measurement, and understanding of natural phenomena. The achievements of the electronics, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries are based on a huge body of scientific investigation.
In simple terms, the concern of science is “why,” and of technology, “how.” The relationship between the two is actually much more complex, however, and it varies from industry to industry; some technologies are science intensive, whereas the manufacture of such items as cigarettes of furniture depends much less on science. In fact, much of modern technology developed without any scientific input whatever, and there are many examples of entire sciences arising from earlier technologies or developing in an effort to explain findings made by scientifically naive artisans. For instance, gunnery led to ballistics; the steam engine, to thermodynamics; powered flight, to aerodynamics; primitive metalworking, to metallurgy; and communications, to radio astronomy.
Thursday, April 17, 2008
Science and Music
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