Technology and Science

Technology is a major cultural determinant, no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy, religion, social organization, or political systems. In the broadcast sense, these forces are also aspects of technology. The French sociologist Jacques Ellul has defined La technique as the totally of all rational methods in every field of human activity, so that, for example, education, law, sports, propaganda, and the social sciences are scale, common parlance limits the term’s meaning to specific industrial arts.

The terms science and technology are often confounded. The confusion arises because so much of contemporary technology is based on the natural sciences, such disciplines an physics, chemistry, biology and other branches of knowledge that deal with the study, measurement, and understanding of natural phenomena. The achievements of the electronics, pharmaceutical, and plastics industries are based on a huge body of scientific investigation.

In simple terms, the concern of science is “why,” and of technology, “how.” The relationship between the two is actually much more complex, however, and it varies from industry to industry; some technologies are science intensive, whereas the manufacture of such items as cigarettes of furniture depends much less on science. In fact, much of modern technology developed without any scientific input whatever, and there are many examples of entire sciences arising from earlier technologies or developing in an effort to explain findings made by scientifically naive artisans. For instance, gunnery led to ballistics; the steam engine, to thermodynamics; powered flight, to aerodynamics; primitive metalworking, to metallurgy; and communications, to radio astronomy.

Science and Music

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Valkyrie Tom Cruise Film have Postponed

World War II thriller Valkyrie that act by Tom cruise has been postpone for release until 2009. It is the second time the film has been postponed, according to trade magazine the Hollywood Reporter. The film will now open on 13 February instead of 3 October, coinciding with the US President's Day holiday weekend.

Universal recently pulled The Wolf Man out of that slot and into 3 April. Last December, Valkyrie was pulled from its original 4 July holiday weekend berth where it would have competed with the Angelina Jolie thriller Wanted. Valkyrie, the true story of a German officer who tried to assassinate Hitler, has been hit by a number of setbacks during production.

Eleven extras were injured when they fell off the back of a truck during shooting in Berlin last year.

The German government initially banned the production from shooting on location at the Berlin site where the Valkyrie plot was hatched and the conspirators executed.

It later changed its mind after months of national debate that focused in part on Cruise's Scientology beliefs. Some of the footage shot at the site was later damaged during processing, requiring re-shoots.

What is the detail story of this film we are still waiting until the film be published on 2009. Good luck for you Tom.

Paper Machines

The two most common machines in the current use are the Fourdrinier and the cylinder machines. Both produce paper sheet from pulp in a continuous process. In the Fourdrinier the pulp and water mixture flows at a controlled rate through a headbox and onto a moving wire mesh screen. As the screen moves away from the pulp, leaving a sheet of matted pulp that still contain a high proportion of water. A wire covered roll holding a sheet surface to impress a watermark. The sheet then moves on to a woolen felt screen, which takes it through a series of presses, where more water is removed. Finally, the sheet passes over a number of heated drums that evaporate the remaining water.

The cylinder machines differs from the Fourdrinier principally in the "wet end," or forming operation. Instead of the moving wire screen, a screen covered rotary cylinder is half-submerged in the pulp vat. As the cylinder rotates, a sheet of matted pulp is formed on its exterior surface and is then picked up by a moving belt, where it is treated to remove the remaining water, as in the Fourdrinier process. A series of cylinders may be used, each one depositing an additional layer of pulp on the belt, so that thicker, multilayer sheets are built up.

Finishing

As it leaves the paper-forming machine, the dried paper is wound onto large reels. The rolled paper may be sit to the widths required, cut into sheets, trimmed, and packaged. Other finishing operations include calendaring, coating or operations that convert the paper roll into special products.

Paper Products

In addition to the paper used for writing and printing, paper is made into a wide variety of end products, from the absorbent papers used for toweling, toilet, and blotting papers to paperboards that are made up into containers; papers used in building construction (such as roofing paper); and special papers that are designed for other particular uses.

Pollution Problems

Because of their need for water and lumber for pulp, paper mills are often located on the banks of rivers, in remote, forested areas. Papermaking processes require the heavy use of chemicals, and the by-products have included dioxins and other toxins, which have been components of the wastewater that is flushed into the river.

Working with the industry and with paper-manufacturing-states, the environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been developing new standards for paper mill effluents in order to reduce pollution.

Papermaking Process

Papermaking is a continuous process that begins with the tree and ends with the cut sheet of paper..

Although wood fiber is the basic ingredient, only a little more than half of the fiber used comes from trees cut specifically for paper manufacture. The remaining fiber is made up of secondary material obtained by recycling used newsprint, spent packaging, and other waste paper. The waste residues of lumber operations and wood chips from saw mills provide additional materials.

Pulp Processing

The principle functions of pulping are gather end to separate the fibers. The logs that will be reduced to pulp to through one of two processes: either they are mechanically ground into pulp, or they are reduced to a pulp by being chipped and then cooked in a chemical solution. Cheaper grades of paper are generally produced from mechanically made pulp, which often contains some unwanted residues. Chemical methods remove more of residues. In the chemical process, wood chips are first cooked in a digester, a closed tank operated at high temperature and pressure. In the sulfite solution of sulfite salt; in the sulfate, or kraft process, the chemical solution consist of caustic soda and sodium sufide. In both processes, the lignin, the material that hold wood cells together, is dissoved, and the cellulose fiber separate.

In order to make the fiber more flexible, thereby increasing their matting, or felting, capacity, the pulp next goes through a mechanical pounding and squeezing process called beating, which is carried out with high speed conical or disc beaters, or refiner. Pigment or dyes are added to the pulp at the beating stage, along with filler materials that help to preserve the paper or give it a better opacity and finish. Sizing materials, such as rosins, starches, and gum that will make the paper resistant to the water in water based writing inks may also be added during beating.

Fitna Film is Blocked here

Film Fitna will be not discussed here because of alleged others.

Because of showing of Fitna film at some server of like Myspace, Youtube and others, Indonesia government prohibit to show the film Fitna in Indonesian Internet. This also have been suggested by President of Indonesia, Susilo Bambang Yudoyono to all Indonesia provider in order not to show or install the Fitna film in their Servernya

It is not just that oppositely; Kurt Watergaart also make a cartoon for the maker of film of fitna Geert Wilders which drawing about threatened of his life.

Pulp and Paper Development

Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers-usually cellulose fibers from plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials-that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing them to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.

 

The evolution of writing materials culminated in the development of paper. The oldest written records still surveying are Sumerian clay tablets dating from the 4^th millennium BC. Papyrus came into use about 3500 BC. Parchment, made from the skins of animals, was another important material used in Europe from about the 2d century BC. Almost any portable surface that would retain the marks of brush or pen was also used as a writing surface.

 

The Development of Paper Manufacture

The invention of paper is generally attributed to a Chinese court official, Cai Lun, in about AD 105, he was the first to succeed in making a paper from vegetable fibers-tree bark, rags, old fish netting. The art of making paper was kept secret for 500 years, the Japanese acquired it only in the 7^th century.

 

In AD 751 the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by marauding Chinese. Among the Chinese prisoners taken were several skilled in papermaking. They were forced by the city's governor soon became the papermaking center of the Arab world.

 

The Spread of Papermaking in Europe

Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East. The Moorish invasion of Spain led to the erection (c. 1150) of the first European paper mill, at Jativa in the province of Valentica. Knowledge of the technology spread quickly, and by the 16^th century paper was being manufactured throughout most of Europe.

 

Vegetable fibers were shredded and reduced to a pulp in water; a screen was dipped and removed with a thin layer of pulp. As the water drained off, the pulped fibers meshed and metted into a sheet, which was then dried and pressed.

 

19^th Century Improvement

Papermaking technology improved rapidly throughout the 19^th century. The introduction of chlorine for bleaching meant that white paper could now be manufactured from colored linen and cotton rags, thus increasing the range of available raw materials. Esparto grass from Spain and North Africa became a valued commodity for papermaking. Only when it was realized that wood pulp be used as a source, however, did large scale paper manufacture that could pulp logs using grindstones revolving in water, but because the pulp contained large amounts of impurities, it was found that these impurities could be removed by boiling the wood pulp with various chemical reagents; soda and sulfite in the 1850s, sulfate in the 1880s.

Andy Riddick Mary Brooklin Decker

American top model Brooklin Decker Married by Andy Roddick, Andrew Stephen "Andy" Roddick (born August 30, 1982) is an American professional tennis player and a former World No. 1. He is the top-ranked American player and sixth-ranked player in the world as of November 12, 2007.

Brooklin is a big fan of the Dave Matthews Band. Appeared in the 2006 and 2007 editions of the Sports Illustrated swimsuit issue. She was born in Ohio, but raised in Charlotte, North Carolina. Brooklyn was discovered in a Charlotte shopping mall when she was a teenager. Decker has appeared in magazines such as Teen Vogue, FHM, Glamour and Cosmopolitan, and in campaigns for the Gap, Victoria's Secret and J.C. Penney.

Brooklin then appears and has been dating with Andrew since 2007 as reported by AHN. Andy Roddick's famous fiancé, Brooklyn Decker, is a model who has appeared in such things as Sports Illustrated swimsuit edition. There have been many celebrity-sports couples making their way into the news for the romance and engagements that have made their way into their lives but most of these couples relationships usually end not to long after they start. Take Danielle Peck and baseball player Josh Becket for instance. Their relationship seemed to be put on halt just when everyone thought that they would be the next celebrity couple to walk down the isle. There is more on this story in the forum at got Detroit.

Andy Engaged to Brooklyn Decker on March 31, 2008
We are thrilled to announce that Andy and Brooklyn Decker are engaged to be married. Andy proposed in early March. The couple wanted to tell their family and close friends first but good news travels fast. By the time Andy arrived in Miami for the Sony Ericsson Open, the tournament was bustling with the news.
The couple met in New York City last year and have been dating since. With their hectic travel schedules, Andy and Brooklyn plan to enjoy their engagement and will wait to set a wedding date.
Congratulations to the Happy Couple!
(Source AndyRoddick.com)

Finally She got Riddick Balls.