Nonwoven Fibers Use

Nordic Swan for Nonwoven Fibers

The “Swan” is considered a leading certification system, which helps the entire supply chain up to the consumer to identify environmentally friendly products of high quality.

Viscose and TENCEL fiber fulfill the stringent requirements of the Nordic Ecolabel in terms of environment, quality and functionality since they are:

• derived from the renewable raw material wood
• produced in an environmentally responsible manner
• pure, soft and absorbent in use
• fully biodegradable after disposal

The certification of nonwoven fibers offers its customers the opportunity to have their own products certified with the Nordic ecolabel in the following nonwoven categories: “Cosmetic Products” e.g. for wipes or cosmetic-pads and “Sanitary Products” e.g. for tampons, incontinence applications or surgical dressings.

Green Wipes are “In”

The world of wipes is extremely dynamic. In the beginning wet wipes were cleaning tools combining two components to ease use. Wipes have evolved into high-performance delivery systems which absorb, retain and release lotion on demand.

Today the wipes applications fully meet the requirements of the consumers - convenience is key. Nonwoven fibers offer specific solutions for manifold applications.

However, focus is not only placed on performance factors but also on environmental aspects. Being made from wood, nonwoven fibers have become the 'in' product of choice for branded and private label companies looking for environmentally responsible wiping products.

Environmental protection, global warming and energy consumption - these issues have been in the media for more than just the past few months. This continual presence of environmental topics in the media has impact on the buying behavior of consumers: They want to know whether wipes are environmentally responsible or not.

Wipes made from nonwoven fibers solve the day to day problems of consumers while improving their own personal environment and simultaneously being kind to the planet.

In 2008, nonwoven fibers were certified as "compostable" materials and awarded with the Nordic Swan. Eco-Labels and Oeco-Tex certificates help consumers to identify environmentally responsible products. This fiber also as a material for textile industry like cotton and silk as natural raw material sources.

Soap Production

Soap comprises the sodium or potassium salts of various fatty acids, but chiefly of oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids. For generations its use has increased until its manufacture has become an industry essential to the comfort and health of civilized human beings. The relative an industry essential of soap and detergents is shown increased.

Raw materials
Tallow is the principal fatty material in soap making, the qualities used represent about three-fourths of the total oils and fats consumed by the soap industry. It contains the mixed glycerides obtained from the solid fat of cattle by steam rendering. This solid fat is digested with steam; the tallow forms a layer above the water, so that it can be easily be removed. Tallow is usually mixed with coconut oil in the soap kettle or hydrolyzer in order to increase the solubility of the soap. Grease (about 20% percent) are the second most important raw material in soap making. They are obtained from hogs and smaller domestic animals and are an important source of glycerides of fatty acids. They are refined by steam rendering or by solvent extraction and are seldom used without being blended with other fats. In some cases, they are treated so as to free their fatty acids, with are used in soap instead of the grease itself. Coconut oil has long been important. The soap from coconut oil is firm and lather well. It contains large proportions of the very desirable glycerides of lauric and many other industries. The acidification of “foots,” or stock resulting from alkaline refining of oils, also produces fatty acids. The important general methods of splitting are outlined in the Twitcell process. Continuous cuntercurrent process are now most commonly used.

The soap maker is also a large consumer of chemicals, especially caustic soda, salt, soda ash, and caustic potash, as well as sodium silicate, sodium bicarbonate, and trisodium phosphate. Inorganic chemicals added to the soap are the so-called builders. Important work by Harris of Monsanto and his coworkers demonstrated conclusively that, in particular, trisodium pyrophosphate and sodium tripolyphosphate were unusually effective synergistic soap builders. Of considerable economic importance was the demonstration that combinations of pyrophosphate or sodium tripolyphosphate, were sometimes superior to the phosphate used alone. It was further shown that less soap could be used in these mixtures to attain the same or more effective soil removal.

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Turki Vs Ceko

Turki is new comer on this foot ball game that plays very smart and can go to quarter final after win against Czechoslovakia. On this game Ceko team plays very good because from the first is like impossible to loose after able make goal twice in the minute of 62 to Turkey goal keeper. Turki left the score 0-1 in the first part of game. This game plays on Monday June 16, 2008 in the morning
Only by miracle, Turkey can making up for left the score. My be after some advise and arrangement by the coach, the Turki team then conscious about the possibility to make up the game. The spirit have wake up to the team, even though in injury time Turki must play with just 10 persons. The goal keeper Volkan Demirel get red card, because the referee see the he supposed to hit Jan Koller. Then Tuncay Sanli change the uniform becomes a Tuki goal keeper. From the team hard work Turki can make the goal by Arda Turan from the penalty area by Libor Sionko cross feed, score 2-1 minutes of 75.
The blunder mistaken from Ceko Goal keeper Petr Cech loose the ball after take from right wing, Kahveci that stand on the free position take the opportunity make the goal. This goal is created in 87 minute, just four minute before the game finished. Score 3-2 for Turki until the game is finished, Turki go to Quarter Final as the runner up of group A.

Players:
Turki: 23-Volkan Demirel; 22-Hamit Altintop, 13-Emre Gungor (15-Emre Asik 63'), 2-Servet Cetin, 3-Hakan Balta; 17-Tuncay Sanli, 6-Mehmet Topal (18-Colin Kazim-Richards 57'), 7-Mehmet Aurelio, 14-Arda Turan; 9-Semih Senturk (20-Sabri Sarioglu 46'), 8-Nihat Kahveci
Coach: Fatih Terim

Republik Ceko: 1-Petr Cech; 2-Zdenek Grygera, 21-Tomas Ujfalusi, 22-David Rozehnal, 6-Marek Jankulovski (14-David Jarolim 39'); 7-Libor Sionko (11-Stanislav Vlcek 84'), 3-Jan Polak, 17-Marek Matejovsky, 4-Tomas Galasek, 20-Jaroslav Plasil (13-Michal Kadlec 80'); 9-Jan Koller
Coach: Karel Bruckner

Referee: Peter Frojdfeldt (Swedia)

Sayonara Space of Japan

After finishing all module installation by the Laboratory own by Japan, all the Discovery passenger at last leave the International Space Station (ISS). One of the team, astronaut Gregory Chamitoff, stay in ISS and substitute for Garret Ressman after stay for 6 months at the space.

Mark Kelly as the commandant of this team on the Discovery said “Sayonara” to other three passenger of ISS before leave. From the Cabin he pray for the safe and go home and play sea sky.
Take off from ISS, Discovery pilot, Ken Ham make a maneuver and turn in order the bottom of the Discovery can be photo from ISS. This photo will sent to control station in Houston Texas, US for analyze if there is something wrong on the Discovery.

This inspection is obliged procedure after the last Columbia plane exploded on 2003 because there is a hole on the wing of the plane from falling of heat resistant foam that pretend the fuel tank. The damage can cause of external collision like micrometeorites when landing to the ISS. Discovery will landing on Earth in Saturday, June 21, 2008.

Casting

Casting is a process for producing a shaped object by pouring a fluid substance into a mold and allowing the substance to solidify. Although most materials that have a fluid state can be cast, and such substances as glass, clay, and metal have been cast since ancient times, modern industrial casting processes involve primarily metals and plastics.

The mold is a matrix made from an impressionable material such as sand. A pattern of the object to be molded is pressed into the sand, and the impression left is filled by the casting material, which hardens into the shape of the pattern. Of the many types of molds employed in casting, most use sand as the mold material. Other type can be made using metal, cement, or ceramic.

Sand Casting

The most common molding material used in sand casting is green sand, which is a mixture of sand, usually ordinary silica sand, clay, water, and other binding materials. The molding sand is placed in a two-part form and is packed around the pattern. When the sand is compacted sufficiently, the two parts are separated and the pattern is removed.

Opening in the mold, called gates and risers, are added to allow for the escape od air and gases as the meal is poured into the mold. Large castings may be made with a central core of sand that forms an internal cavity in the finished casting. For metal alloys that react negatively with moisture, dry sand molds are used.

Investment Casting

Investment casting is an adaptation of the cire perdue, or Lost Wax Process. It is used industrially to produce highly detailed precision parts. The pattern is melted out by heating the mold or vaporized as the molten metal is poured in. the pattern may be made of wax coated with fine silica, or of foamed plastic.

Shell Molding

In this casting process, the pattern is made of metal heated to a high temperature (177o-371oC or 350o-700oF). The molding material is a mixture of sand and heat setting resin. When packed around the heated pattern, the resin sets, binding the sand into a thin shell that reproduces the pattern exactly.

Paper Machines

The two most common machines in the current use are the Fourdrinier and the cylinder machines. Both produce paper sheet from pulp in a continuous process. In the Fourdrinier the pulp and water mixture flows at a controlled rate through a headbox and onto a moving wire mesh screen. As the screen moves away from the pulp, leaving a sheet of matted pulp that still contain a high proportion of water. A wire covered roll holding a sheet surface to impress a watermark. The sheet then moves on to a woolen felt screen, which takes it through a series of presses, where more water is removed. Finally, the sheet passes over a number of heated drums that evaporate the remaining water.

The cylinder machines differs from the Fourdrinier principally in the "wet end," or forming operation. Instead of the moving wire screen, a screen covered rotary cylinder is half-submerged in the pulp vat. As the cylinder rotates, a sheet of matted pulp is formed on its exterior surface and is then picked up by a moving belt, where it is treated to remove the remaining water, as in the Fourdrinier process. A series of cylinders may be used, each one depositing an additional layer of pulp on the belt, so that thicker, multilayer sheets are built up.

Finishing

As it leaves the paper-forming machine, the dried paper is wound onto large reels. The rolled paper may be sit to the widths required, cut into sheets, trimmed, and packaged. Other finishing operations include calendaring, coating or operations that convert the paper roll into special products.

Paper Products

In addition to the paper used for writing and printing, paper is made into a wide variety of end products, from the absorbent papers used for toweling, toilet, and blotting papers to paperboards that are made up into containers; papers used in building construction (such as roofing paper); and special papers that are designed for other particular uses.

Pollution Problems

Because of their need for water and lumber for pulp, paper mills are often located on the banks of rivers, in remote, forested areas. Papermaking processes require the heavy use of chemicals, and the by-products have included dioxins and other toxins, which have been components of the wastewater that is flushed into the river.

Working with the industry and with paper-manufacturing-states, the environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been developing new standards for paper mill effluents in order to reduce pollution.

Papermaking Process

Papermaking is a continuous process that begins with the tree and ends with the cut sheet of paper..

Although wood fiber is the basic ingredient, only a little more than half of the fiber used comes from trees cut specifically for paper manufacture. The remaining fiber is made up of secondary material obtained by recycling used newsprint, spent packaging, and other waste paper. The waste residues of lumber operations and wood chips from saw mills provide additional materials.

Pulp Processing

The principle functions of pulping are gather end to separate the fibers. The logs that will be reduced to pulp to through one of two processes: either they are mechanically ground into pulp, or they are reduced to a pulp by being chipped and then cooked in a chemical solution. Cheaper grades of paper are generally produced from mechanically made pulp, which often contains some unwanted residues. Chemical methods remove more of residues. In the chemical process, wood chips are first cooked in a digester, a closed tank operated at high temperature and pressure. In the sulfite solution of sulfite salt; in the sulfate, or kraft process, the chemical solution consist of caustic soda and sodium sufide. In both processes, the lignin, the material that hold wood cells together, is dissoved, and the cellulose fiber separate.

In order to make the fiber more flexible, thereby increasing their matting, or felting, capacity, the pulp next goes through a mechanical pounding and squeezing process called beating, which is carried out with high speed conical or disc beaters, or refiner. Pigment or dyes are added to the pulp at the beating stage, along with filler materials that help to preserve the paper or give it a better opacity and finish. Sizing materials, such as rosins, starches, and gum that will make the paper resistant to the water in water based writing inks may also be added during beating.

Pulp and Paper Development

Paper is a sheet of interlaced fibers-usually cellulose fibers from plants, but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials-that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing them to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.

 

The evolution of writing materials culminated in the development of paper. The oldest written records still surveying are Sumerian clay tablets dating from the 4^th millennium BC. Papyrus came into use about 3500 BC. Parchment, made from the skins of animals, was another important material used in Europe from about the 2d century BC. Almost any portable surface that would retain the marks of brush or pen was also used as a writing surface.

 

The Development of Paper Manufacture

The invention of paper is generally attributed to a Chinese court official, Cai Lun, in about AD 105, he was the first to succeed in making a paper from vegetable fibers-tree bark, rags, old fish netting. The art of making paper was kept secret for 500 years, the Japanese acquired it only in the 7^th century.

 

In AD 751 the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by marauding Chinese. Among the Chinese prisoners taken were several skilled in papermaking. They were forced by the city's governor soon became the papermaking center of the Arab world.

 

The Spread of Papermaking in Europe

Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East. The Moorish invasion of Spain led to the erection (c. 1150) of the first European paper mill, at Jativa in the province of Valentica. Knowledge of the technology spread quickly, and by the 16^th century paper was being manufactured throughout most of Europe.

 

Vegetable fibers were shredded and reduced to a pulp in water; a screen was dipped and removed with a thin layer of pulp. As the water drained off, the pulped fibers meshed and metted into a sheet, which was then dried and pressed.

 

19^th Century Improvement

Papermaking technology improved rapidly throughout the 19^th century. The introduction of chlorine for bleaching meant that white paper could now be manufactured from colored linen and cotton rags, thus increasing the range of available raw materials. Esparto grass from Spain and North Africa became a valued commodity for papermaking. Only when it was realized that wood pulp be used as a source, however, did large scale paper manufacture that could pulp logs using grindstones revolving in water, but because the pulp contained large amounts of impurities, it was found that these impurities could be removed by boiling the wood pulp with various chemical reagents; soda and sulfite in the 1850s, sulfate in the 1880s.